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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Haystack Observatory</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">The Haystack Radio Telescope at Haystack Observatory</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">MIT Haystack Observatory </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_observatory_codes" title="List of observatory codes">Observatory code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="List_of_observatory_codes#254" title="List of observatory codes"> 254</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Westford%2C_Massachusetts" title="Westford, Massachusetts">Westford, Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:42.6233,-71.4882"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°37′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°29′18″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.6233°N 71.4882°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.6233; -71.4882</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Altitude</th><td class="infobox-data">131 m (430 ft) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1960 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haystack.mit.edu">www<wbr>.haystack<wbr>.mit<wbr>.edu</a></span> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Telescopes</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Haystack Radio Telescope</li><li>Westford Radio Telescope</li><li><a href="Millstone_Hill_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Millstone Hill Observatory">Millstone Hill Observatory</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1291884410">

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</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.496%;left:88.657%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Haystack Observatory"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Location of Haystack Observatory</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Haystack_Observatory" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Haystack Observatory">Related media on Commons</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Haystack Observatory</b> is a multidisciplinary radio science center, ionospheric observatory, and astronomical <a href="Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> <a href="Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a> owned by <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in <a href="Westford%2C_Massachusetts" title="Westford, Massachusetts">Westford, Massachusetts</a>, in the United States, about 45 kilometers (28 mi) northwest of <a href="Boston%2C_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</a>. The observatory was built by MIT's <a href="Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a> for the <a href="United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> and was called the Haystack Microwave Research Facility.<sup id="cite_ref-HAY-HIST_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAY-HIST-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction began in 1960, and the antenna began operating in 1964. In 1970 the facility was transferred to MIT, which then formed the Northeast Radio Observatory Corporation (NEROC) with other universities to operate the site as the Haystack Observatory. As of January 2012, a total of nine institutions participated in NEROC.<sup id="cite_ref-HAY-NERO_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAY-NERO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Haystack Observatory site is also the location of the Millstone Hill Geospace Facility, an atmospheric-sciences research center.<sup id="cite_ref-HAY-MILL_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAY-MILL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln Laboratory continues to use the site, which it calls the <a href="Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Space Surveillance Complex</a> (LSSC).<sup id="cite_ref-LL-FAC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LL-FAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The George R. Wallace Astrophysical Observatory of MIT's <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Science#Department_of_Earth,_Atmospheric,_and_Planetary_Sciences" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science">Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences</a> is south of the Haystack dome and east of the Westford dome.<sup id="cite_ref-WALL_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WALL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Amateur Telescope Makers of Boston has its clubhouse on the MIT property.<sup id="cite_ref-ATMOB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATMOB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Haystack_Vallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Haystack Vallis">Haystack Vallis</a> on <a href="Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> is named after this observatory.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telescopes_and_radars">Telescopes and radars</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haystack_Radio_Telescope">Haystack Radio Telescope</h3></div>

<p>The 37 m (121 ft) Haystack Radio Telescope is a <a href="Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">parabolic antenna</a> protected by a 46 m (151 ft) metal-frame <a href="Radome" title="Radome">radome</a>. It is known as the Haystack Long-Range Imaging Radar (LRIR) or Haystack Ultrawideband Satellite Imaging Radar (HUSIR) when used for the LSSC.<sup id="cite_ref-LL-FAC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LL-FAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was constructed for use in space tracking and communication, but now is used primarily for astronomy. It was completed in 1964 and originally observed at 8 GHz on the <a href="Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1972REPT_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1972REPT-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then it has been upgraded to listen to other frequency bands, though not simultaneously. When used for <a href="Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> it broadcasts and listens in bands at either 10 GHz or 95 GHz. The main dish was upgraded in 2006, which allowed operation at frequencies up to 150 GHz.<sup id="cite_ref-HAY-HAY_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAY-HAY-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secondary reflector of the <a href="Cassegrain_reflector" title="Cassegrain reflector">Cassegrain design</a> features an <a href="Active_surface" title="Active surface">active surface</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haystack_Radar_operations">Haystack Radar operations</h4></div>

<p>The <b>Long-Range Imaging Radar (LRIR)</b> system was originally designed to function as an <a href="X-band" class="mw-redirect" title="X-band">X-band</a> long-range <a href="Radar_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar imaging">imaging radar</a>. In wideband mode, LRIR runs at 10 GHz with a 1.024 GHz bandwidth. The system was capable of sensitivity of 25 cm resolution, allowing for tracking and imaging <a href="Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> out to <a href="Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> distances, as well as deep space objects out to 40,000 km (130,000,000 ft) range.<sup id="cite_ref-FAS-MILL_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAS-MILL-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radar was upgraded with a completely new antenna capable of dual-band operations, called <b>Haystack Ultrawideband Satellite Imaging Radar (HUSIR)</b>. The system is capable of simultaneous operations in <a href="X_band" title="X band">X band</a> and <a href="W_band" title="W band">W-band</a>, which allows it to better determine the size, shape, orientation, and motion of orbiting objects.<sup id="cite_ref-RDMagOct2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RDMagOct2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HUSIR design allows for tracking object with 0.5 millidegree accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-TECHNOTES_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TECHNOTES-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The W-band operates between 92 and 100 GHz, with a bandwidth of 8 GHz. The system contributes data to the <a href="United_States_Space_Surveillance_Network" title="United States Space Surveillance Network">United States Space Surveillance Network</a> (SSN).<sup id="cite_ref-Czerwinski2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czerwinski2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haystack_Auxiliary_Radar">Haystack Auxiliary Radar</h3></div>

<p>The <b>Haystack Auxiliary Radar</b> (HAX) is <a href="Ku-band" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-band">Ku-band</a> system with a 40 ft (12 m) <a href="Dish_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dish antenna">dish antenna</a>. It was constructed in 1993 to augment the LSSC imaging and data collections <a href="Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HAY-LSSC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAY-LSSC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contributes data to the SSN.<sup id="cite_ref-FAS-MILL_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAS-MILL-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westford_Radio_Telescope">Westford Radio Telescope</h3></div>

<p>The 18.3 m (60 ft) <b>Westford Radio Telescope</b> was built in 1961 by Lincoln Laboratory for <a href="Project_West_Ford" title="Project West Ford">Project West Ford</a> as an <a href="X-band" class="mw-redirect" title="X-band">X-band</a> radar antenna.<sup id="cite_ref-HAY-WEST_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAY-WEST-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located approximately 1.2 kilometers (0.75 mi) south of the Haystack telescope along the same access road. The antenna is housed in a 28.4 m (93 ft) radome and has an elevation-azimuth mount. Since 1981, it has been used primarily for <a href="Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodetic</a> <a href="Very_long_baseline_interferometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Very long baseline interferometry">very long baseline interferometry</a> (VLBI).<sup id="cite_ref-VLBI_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VLBI-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By measuring the location of astronomical radio sources very accurately, geodetic VLBI techniques can be used to measure things such as changes in the <a href="Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> of the Earth.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Event_Horizon_Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</h3></div>

<p>Haystack serves as a computational hub for the <a href="Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a>, an assemblage of radio telescopes around Earth that combine data for <a href="Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">very-long-baseline interferometry</a> (VLBI) to achieve <a href="Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">angular resolution</a> capable of imaging a <a href="Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black hole</a>'s <a href="Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">event horizon</a>. Data are transported on large hard drives from the observing telescopes to Haystack, where a cluster of about 800 CPUs run algorithms to produce black hole imagery. The computation has been termed a "silicon lens", as each the data from each telescope is useless by itself and must be computationally combined to produce an image.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_telescopes">Former telescopes</h3></div>

<ul><li>The Deuterium Array was a 25-element radio telescope array optimized to observe at 327 MHz, which is one of the <a href="Emission_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission line">emission lines</a> of <a href="Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>. Each element, or station, was itself a 25-element array of <a href="Dipole" title="Dipole">dipoles</a>. The array operated from 2004 to 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-HAY-DEUT_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAY-DEUT-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Millstone_Hill_Geospace_Facility">Millstone Hill Geospace Facility</h2></div>

<p>Millstone Hill Geospace Facility is a <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> atmospheric sciences research centre in <a href="Westford%2C_Massachusetts" title="Westford, Massachusetts">Westford, Massachusetts</a>, under primary support from the <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">US National Science Foundation</a>'s Geospace Facilities section. It is part of Haystack Observatory, a multidisciplinary radio science observatory. Millstone Hill is the location for two of the most well-known <a href="Incoherent_scatter" title="Incoherent scatter">incoherent scatter</a> radars in the world. These include a fully steerable 46-meter antenna called <a href="#Millstone_Hill_Steerable_Antenna">Millstone Hill Steerable Antenna</a> (MISA), and a 68-meter fixed zenith antenna. These radars are capable of measuring a vast array of <a href="Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionospheric</a> state variables, including electron density, plasma temperature, ion velocity, and ion composition. Data from Millstone Hill is publicly available on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cedar.openmadrigal.org">MADRIGAL</a> distributed database, an <a href="Upper_atmosphere" title="Upper atmosphere">upper atmosphere</a> data system managed by MIT Haystack.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Millstone_Hill_Steerable_Antenna">Millstone Hill Steerable Antenna</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Millstone_Hill" title="Millstone Hill">Millstone Hill Steerable Antenna</a> (<b>MISA</b>) is a 46 m (151 ft) fully steerable <a href="UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> antenna. Built in 1963, the system was initially installed at the Sagamore Hill Air Force facility in <a href="Hamilton%2C_Massachusetts" title="Hamilton, Massachusetts">Hamilton, Massachusetts</a>, and was relocated as part of Millstone Hill at the Haystack Observatory complex in 1978. It is primarily used as an upper atmospheric radar observatory using incoherent scatter radar techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-HAY-MISA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAY-MISA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zenith_Antenna">Zenith Antenna</h3></div>

<p>The 67 m (220 ft) Zenith antenna was constructed in 1963 to use with the <a href="UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> <a href="Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a>. The radar transmitter was previously connected to a steerable 84-foot antenna with a UHF horn feed. When the steerable 84' antenna was converted to a higher <a href="L-band" class="mw-redirect" title="L-band">L-band</a> frequency, the Zenith antenna was connected to the UHF transmitter and was dedicated exclusively to <a href="Incoherent_scatter" title="Incoherent scatter">incoherent scatter radar</a> observations of the mid-latitude ionosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-HAY-ZENITH_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAY-ZENITH-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directors">Directors</h2></div>

<p>Paul B. Sebring was the Haystack Observatory's director from 1970 to 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1980 to 1983 <a href="John_V._Evans_(astronomer)" title="John V. Evans (astronomer)">John V. Evans</a> was the director. Joseph E. Salah was the director from 1983 to 2006, Alan R. Whitney was the interim director from 2006 to 2008. Colin J. Lonsdale was the director from 1 September 2008 to 31 December 2023. Philip J. Erickson became the new director on 1 January 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Sagamore_Hill_Radio_Observatory" title="Sagamore Hill Radio Observatory">Sagamore Hill Radio Observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_astronomical_observatories" title="List of astronomical observatories">List of astronomical observatories</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Knowing_(film)" title="Knowing (film)">Knowing</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Project_West_Ford" title="Project West Ford">Project West Ford</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibits">Exhibits</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Sun_Drawing_Exhibit">The <i>Sun Drawing</i> Exhibit</h3></div>

<p>The <i>Sun Drawing</i> art exhibit at the Haystack Observatory was conceived and developed as part of the <i>Global Sun Drawing Project</i> by visual artist Janet Saad-Cook.<sup id="cite_ref-Saad2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saad2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saad1995_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saad1995-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>Sun Drawings</i>" are projected images created by reflecting sunlight from a variety of materials that are strategically positioned to relate to their specific location on Earth. The reflections change shape and color in relation to the position of the Sun, creating a four-dimensional artwork of varying reflections throughout the day and year. Similar installations for the <i>Global Sun Drawing Project</i> have been planned at other astronomically significant locations worldwide, including an exhibit at the <a href="Karl_G._Jansky_Very_Large_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array">Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array</a> in New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-HAY-NEWS1995_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAY-NEWS1995-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-STARDUST_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STARDUST-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWhitney,_Alan_R.Lonsdale,_Colin_J.Fish,_Vincent_L.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Whitney, Alan R.; Lonsdale, Colin J.; Fish, Vincent L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ll.mit.edu/sites/default/files/page/doc/2018-05/21_1_2_Whitney.pdf">"Insights into the Universe: Astronomy with Haystack's Radio Telescope"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lincoln Laboratory Journal</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-HAY-HIST-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAY-HIST_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haystack.mit.edu/hay/history.html">"MIT Haystack Observatory: History"</a>. MIT Haystack Observatory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-HAY-NERO-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAY-NERO_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haystack.mit.edu/hay/neroc.html">"MIT Haystack Observatory: NEROC"</a>. MIT Haystack Observatory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-HAY-MILL-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAY-MILL_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haystack.mit.edu/atm/mho/index.html">"MIT Haystack Observatory: Atmospheric Sciences Millstone Hill Observatory"</a>. MIT Haystack Observatory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-LL-FAC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LL-FAC_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LL-FAC_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ll.mit.edu/about/facilities.html#lssc">"MIT Lincoln Laboratory: Facilities"</a>. MIT Lincoln Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-WALL-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WALL_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/wallace/">"Wallace Astrophysical Observatory"</a>. MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-ATMOB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ATMOB_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atmob.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=71141&module_id=229701">"ATMoB Clubhouse"</a>. Amateur Telescope Makers of Boston<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-1972REPT-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1972REPT_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSebring1972" class="citation journal cs1">Sebring, P. B. (January 1972). "Haystack Observatory, Northeast Radio Observatory Corporation, Westford, Massachusetts. Observatory report covering the period from 1 July 1970 through 30 June 1971". <i>Bulletin of the Astronomical Society</i>. <b>4</b>: 51. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972BAAS....4...51S">1972BAAS....4...51S</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-HAY-HAY-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAY-HAY_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haystack.mit.edu/obs/haystack/index.html">"MIT Haystack Observatory: Haystack Radio Telescope"</a>. MIT Haystack Observatory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FAS-MILL-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAS-MILL_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAS-MILL_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/millhay.htm">"Millstone-Haystack"</a>. FAS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-RDMagOct2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RDMagOct2014_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2014" class="citation journal cs1">Staff (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.rdmag.com/researchanddevelopment/october_2014?pg=16#pg16">"Range-independent Radar"</a>. <i>R&D Magazine</i> (Paper). <b>56</b> (5): 16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-TECHNOTES-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TECHNOTES_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ll.mit.edu/publications/technotes/TechNote_HUSIR.pdf">"TechNotes - Haystack Ultrawideband Satellite Imaging Radar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. MIT<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Czerwinski2014-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Czerwinski2014_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCzerwinskiUsoff2014" class="citation journal cs1">Czerwinski, Mark G.; Usoff, Joseph M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ll.mit.edu/publications/journal/pdf/vol21_no1/21_1_3_Czerwinski.pdf">"Development of the Haystack Ultrawideband Satellite Imaging Radar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lincoln Laboratory Journal</i>. <b>21</b> (1). MIT.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HAY-LSSC-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAY-LSSC_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ll.mit.edu/about/Facilities.html#lssc">"MIT Lincoln Laboratory: Facilities"</a>. MIT Lincoln Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-HAY-WEST-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAY-WEST_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haystack.mit.edu/obs/westford/index.html">"MIT Haystack Observatory: Westford Radio Telescope"</a>. MIT Haystack Observatory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-VLBI-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VLBI_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ivscc.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/config/ns/westford.config.txt">"Network Station Configuration File"</a>. <i>International VLBI Service</i> (<a href="FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(To view documents see Help:FTP)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMearian2015" class="citation news cs1">Mearian, Lucas (18 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170603161606/http://www.computerworld.com/article/2972251/space-technology/massive-telescope-array-aims-for-black-hole-gets-gusher-of-data.html">"Massive telescope array aims for black hole, gets gusher of data"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/article/2972251/space-technology/massive-telescope-array-aims-for-black-hole-gets-gusher-of-data.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-HAY-DEUT-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAY-DEUT_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haystack.mit.edu/ast/arrays/deut/index.html">"MIT Haystack Observatory: Deuterium Array"</a>. MIT Haystack Observatory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-HAY-MISA-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAY-MISA_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haystack.mit.edu/obs/mhr/misa/index.html">"MIT Haystack Observatory: Millstone Hill Radar MISA Antenna"</a>. MIT Haystack Observatory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-HAY-ZENITH-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAY-ZENITH_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haystack.mit.edu/obs/mhr/zenith/index.html">"MIT Haystack Observatory: Millstone Hill Radar Zenith Antenna"</a>. MIT Haystack Observatory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSebring,_P._B.Leslie,_B._G.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Sebring, P. B.; Leslie, B. G. (1980). "Haystack Observatory". <i>Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</i>. <b>12</b>: <span class="nowrap">126–</span>128. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980BAAS...12..126S">1980BAAS...12..126S</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mit.edu/2023/philip-erickson-named-director-mit-haystack-observatory-1215">"Philip Erickson named director of MIT Haystack Observatory"</a>. <i>MIT News</i>. 15 December 2023.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Saad2006-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saad2006_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSaad-Cook2006" class="citation web cs1">Saad-Cook, Janet (25 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128081756/http://janetsaadcook.com/JSC_bio/global.htm">"Global Sun Drawing"</a>. <i>www.janetsaadcook.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janetsaadcook.com/JSC_bio/global.htm">the original</a> on 28 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Saad1995-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saad1995_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSaad-Cook1995" class="citation web cs1">Saad-Cook, Janet (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haystack.mit.edu/hay/sun.html">"Sun Art - Sun Drawings"</a>. <i>www.haystack.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-HAY-NEWS1995-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HAY-NEWS1995_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haystack.mit.edu/hay/news/1995/index.html">"Sun Drawings"</a>. <i>www.haystack.mit.edu</i>. MIT Haystack Observatory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-STARDUST-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-STARDUST_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStar_Dust1991" class="citation web cs1">Star Dust, Vol II #11 (June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://capitalastronomers.org/SD_year/1991/StarDust_1991_06.pdf">"Janet Saad-Cook to Discuss VLA Sun Drawing Project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.capitalastronomers.org</i>. National Capital Astronomers, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Haystack_Observatory" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Haystack Observatory">Haystack Observatory</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haystack.mit.edu">MIT Haystack Observatory</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haystack.mit.edu/geospace/">MIT Haystack Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ll.mit.edu/">Lincoln Laboratory</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ivscc.gsfc.nasa.gov/">International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Radio_astronomy459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Units (<a href="Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> and <a href="Jansky" title="Jansky">jansky</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Radio_telescope" title="Radio telescope">Radio telescope</a> (<a href="Radio_window" title="Radio window">Radio window</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Astronomical_interferometer" title="Astronomical interferometer">Astronomical interferometer</a> (<a href="Astronomical_interferometer#History" title="Astronomical interferometer">History</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">Very Long Baseline Interferometry</a> (VLBI)</li>

<li><a href="Astronomical_radio_source" title="Astronomical radio source">Astronomical radio source</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Radio telescopes<br>(<a href="List_of_radio_telescopes" title="List of radio telescopes">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Individual<br>telescopes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Five-hundred-meter_Aperture_Spherical_Telescope" title="Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope">500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope</a> (FAST, <span style="font-size: 85%;">China</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Arecibo_Telescope" title="Arecibo Telescope">Arecibo Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Puerto Rico, US)</span></li>

<li><a href="Caltech_Submillimeter_Observatory" title="Caltech Submillimeter Observatory">Caltech Submillimeter Observatory</a> (CSO, <span style="font-size: 85%;">US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Effelsberg_100-m_Radio_Telescope" title="Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope">Effelsberg Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Germany)</span></li>

<li><a href="Galenki_RT-70_radio_telescope" title="Galenki RT-70 radio telescope">Galenki RT-70</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Russia)</span></li>

<li><a href="Green_Bank_Telescope" title="Green Bank Telescope">Green Bank Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(West Virginia, US)</span></li>

<li><a href="Large_Millimeter_Telescope" title="Large Millimeter Telescope">Large Millimeter Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Mexico)</span></li>

<li><a href="Lovell_Telescope" title="Lovell Telescope">Lovell Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(UK)</span></li>

<li><a href="Ooty_Radio_Telescope" title="Ooty Radio Telescope">Ooty Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(India)</span></li>

<li><a href="Qitai_Radio_Telescope" title="Qitai Radio Telescope">Qitai Radio Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(China)</span></li>

<li><a href="RATAN-600" title="RATAN-600">RATAN-600 Radio Telescope</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;">Russia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Sardinia_Radio_Telescope" title="Sardinia Radio Telescope">Sardinia Radio Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Italy)</span></li>

<li><a href="Suffa_RT-70_radio_telescope" title="Suffa RT-70 radio telescope">Suffa RT-70</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Uzbekistan)</span></li>

<li><a href="Usuda_Deep_Space_Center" title="Usuda Deep Space Center">Usuda Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Japan)</span></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_T-shaped_Radio_telescope%2C_second_modification" title="Ukrainian T-shaped Radio telescope, second modification">UTR-2 decameter radio telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ukraine)</span></li>

<li><a href="Yevpatoria_RT-70_radio_telescope" title="Yevpatoria RT-70 radio telescope">Yevpatoria RT-70</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ukraine)</span></li></ul>

<dl><dt><span class="nobold">Southern Hemisphere</span></dt>

<dd><a href="Hartebeesthoek_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory">HartRAO</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(South Africa)</span></dd>

<dd><a href="Parkes_Observatory" title="Parkes Observatory">Parkes Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Australia)</span></dd>

<dd><a href="Warkworth_Radio_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory">Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(NZ)</span></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Interferometers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allen_Telescope_Array" title="Allen Telescope Array">Allen Telescope Array</a> (ATA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">California, US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">Atacama Large Millimeter Array</a> (ALMA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Chile</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Australia_Telescope_Compact_Array" title="Australia Telescope Compact Array">Australia Telescope Compact Array</a> (ATCA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Australia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Australian_Square_Kilometre_Array_Pathfinder" title="Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder">Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder</a> (ASKAP, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Australia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Hydrogen_Intensity_Mapping_Experiment" title="Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment">Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment</a> (CHIME, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Canada</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Combined_Array_for_Research_in_Millimeter-wave_Astronomy" title="Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy">Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy</a> (CARMA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">California, US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="European_VLBI_Network" title="European VLBI Network">European VLBI Network</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Europe)</span></li>

<li><a href="Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a> (EHT)</li>

<li><a href="Giant_Metrewave_Radio_Telescope" title="Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope">Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope</a> (GMRT, <span style="font-size: 85%;">India</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Green_Bank_Interferometer" title="Green Bank Interferometer">Green Bank Interferometer</a> (GBI, <span style="font-size: 85%;">West Virginia, US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Korean_VLBI_Network" title="Korean VLBI Network">Korean VLBI Network</a> (KVN, <span style="font-size: 85%;">South Korea</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Large_Latin_American_Millimeter_Array" title="Large Latin American Millimeter Array">Large Latin American Millimeter Array</a> (LLAMA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Argentina/Brazil</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Long_Wavelength_Array" title="Long Wavelength Array">Long Wavelength Array</a> (LWA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">New Mexico, US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Low-Frequency_Array_(LOFAR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR)">Low-Frequency Array</a> (LOFAR, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Netherlands</span>)</li>

<li><a href="MeerKAT" title="MeerKAT">MeerKAT</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;">South Africa</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Molonglo_Observatory_Synthesis_Telescope" title="Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope">Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope</a> (MOST, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Australia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="MERLIN" title="MERLIN">Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network</a> (MERLIN, <span style="font-size: 85%;">UK</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Murchison_Widefield_Array" title="Murchison Widefield Array">Murchison Widefield Array</a> (MWA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Australia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Northern_Cross_Radio_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cross Radio Telescope">Northern Cross Radio Telescope</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;">Italy</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Northern_Extended_Millimeter_Array" title="Northern Extended Millimeter Array">Northern Extended Millimeter Array</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;">France</span>)</li>

<li><a href="One-Mile_Telescope" title="One-Mile Telescope">One-Mile Telescope</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(UK)</span></li>

<li><a href="Primeval_Structure_Telescope" title="Primeval Structure Telescope">Primeval Structure Telescope</a> (PaST, <span style="font-size: 85%;">China</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Square_Kilometre_Array" title="Square Kilometre Array">Square Kilometre Array</a> (SKA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Australia, South Africa</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Submillimeter_Array" title="Submillimeter Array">Submillimeter Array</a> (SMA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">Very Large Array</a> (VLA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">New Mexico, US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Very_Long_Baseline_Array" title="Very Long Baseline Array">Very Long Baseline Array</a> (VLBA, <span style="font-size: 85%;">US</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Westerbork_Synthesis_Radio_Telescope" title="Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope">Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope</a> (WSRT, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Netherlands</span>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Space-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HALCA" title="HALCA">HALCA</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;">Japan</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;">Russia</span>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algonquin_Radio_Observatory" title="Algonquin Radio Observatory">Algonquin Radio Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Canada)</span></li>

<li><a href="Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Puerto Rico, US)</span></li>

<li><a href="Green_Bank_Observatory" title="Green Bank Observatory">Green Bank Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(US)</span></li>

<li><a href="Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(UK)</span></li>

<li><a href="Mullard_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory">Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(UK)</span></li>

<li><a href="National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(US)</span></li>

<li><a href="Nan%C3%A7ay_Radio_Observatory" title="Nançay Radio Observatory">Nançay Radio Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(France)</span></li>

<li><a href="Onsala_Space_Observatory" title="Onsala Space Observatory">Onsala Space Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Sweden)</span></li>

<li><a href="Pushchino_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory">Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> (PRAO ASC LPI, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Russia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Special_Astrophysical_Observatory_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Science" title="Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science">Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science</a> (SAORAS, <span style="font-size: 85%;">Russia</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Vermilion_River_Observatory" title="Vermilion River Observatory">Vermilion River Observatory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(US)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Multi-use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dominion_Radio_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory">DRAO</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Canada)</span></li>

<li><a href="New_Norcia_Station" title="New Norcia Station">ESA New Norcia</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Australia)</span></li>

<li><a href="Prince_Albert_Radar_Laboratory" title="Prince Albert Radar Laboratory">PARL</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Canada)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elizabeth_Alexander_(scientist)" title="Elizabeth Alexander (scientist)">Elizabeth Alexander</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Gatenby_Bolton" title="John Gatenby Bolton">John G. Bolton</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_George_Bowen" title="Edward George Bowen">Edward George Bowen</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronald_N._Bracewell" title="Ronald N. Bracewell">Ronald Bracewell</a></li>

<li><a href="Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Covington" title="Arthur Covington">Arthur Covington</a></li>

<li><a href="Nan_Dieter-Conklin" title="Nan Dieter-Conklin">Nan Dieter-Conklin</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake">Frank Drake</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyril_Hazard" title="Cyril Hazard">Cyril Hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a></li>

<li><a href="Sebastian_von_Hoerner" title="Sebastian von Hoerner">Sebastian von Hoerner</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Guthe_Jansky" title="Karl Guthe Jansky">Karl Guthe Jansky</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Kellermann" title="Kenneth Kellermann">Kenneth Kellermann</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_John_Kerr" title="Frank John Kerr">Frank J. Kerr</a></li>

<li><a href="John_D._Kraus" title="John D. Kraus">John D. Kraus</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Bernard Lovell</a></li>

<li><a href="Christiaan_Alexander_Muller" title="Christiaan Alexander Muller">Christiaan Alexander Muller</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_L._Pawsey" title="Joseph L. Pawsey">Joseph Lade Pawsey</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruby_Payne-Scott" title="Ruby Payne-Scott">Ruby Payne-Scott</a></li>

<li><a href="Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Arno Penzias</a></li>

<li><a href="Grote_Reber" title="Grote Reber">Grote Reber</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a></li>

<li><a href="Govind_Swarup" title="Govind Swarup">Govind Swarup</a></li>

<li><a href="Gart_Westerhout" title="Gart Westerhout">Gart Westerhout</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Astronomy by<br> EM methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Submillimetre_astronomy" title="Submillimetre astronomy">Submillimetre astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">Infrared astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Visible-light_astronomy" title="Visible-light astronomy">Optical astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="High-energy_astronomy" title="High-energy astronomy">High-energy astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">Gravitational-wave astronomy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aperture_synthesis" title="Aperture synthesis">Aperture synthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">Cosmic microwave background radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Interferometry" title="Interferometry">Interferometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Odd_radio_circle" title="Odd radio circle">Odd radio circle</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">Pulsar timing array</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Radio propagation</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Wow!_signal" title="Wow! signal">Wow! signal</a></li>

<li><a href="HD_164595" title="HD 164595">HD 164595 signal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radio_astronomy" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Radio astronomy">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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